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a: a brief quantification of the incalculable 10
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Andersen, Monica & Pires, Gabriel & Tufik, Sergio. (2024). The Impact of Sleep: From Ancient Rituals to Modern Challenges. Sleep Science. 17. 10.1055/s-0043-1777785.
Williams, S. J. (2002). Sleep and health: sociological reflections on the dormant society. Health, 6(2), 173–200. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26646445
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Walter, W. G., ‘Critical Review: The Technique and Application of Electro-Encephalography’, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 1.4 (1938), 359–85. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088109/pdf/jnpsychiatry00020-0059.pdf
Das, N., & Gastaut, H. (1955). Variations in the electrical activity of the brain, heart, and skeletal muscles during yogic meditation and trance. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 6, 211–219.
Hölzel, B. K., Carmody, J., Vangel, M., Congleton, C., Yerramsetti, S. M., Gard, T., & Lazar, S. W. (2011). Mindfulness practice leads to increases in regional brain gray matter density. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 191(1), 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.08.006
Schuman-Olivier, Z., Trombka, M., Lovas, D., Liu, C-H., Gatewood, A., & Sszabo, L. et al. (2020). Mindfulness and behavior change: Broadening the study of mindfulness to include mechanistic, active control, and improved protocol-design considerations. Psychological Medicine, 47(10), 1601–1610. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291719002295
Van der Velden, A. M., et al. (2023). Mindfulness training changes brain dynamics during self-referential processing in mild-to-moderate depression: A randomized controlled fMRI study. Biological Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.01435-4
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Powell, A. (2018, April 9). When science meets mindfulness: Researchers study how it seems to change the brain in depressed patients. Harvard Gazette. Retrieved from https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2018/04/harvard-researchers-study-how-mindfulness-may-change-the-brain-in-depressed-patients/
White, M. P., Alcock, I., Grellier, J., Wheeler, B. W., Hartig, T., Warber, S. L., Bone, A., Depledge, M. H., & Fleming, L. E. (2019). Spending at least 120 minutes a week in nature is associated with good health and wellbeing. Scientific Reports, 9, Article 7730. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44097-3
Waldinger, R. J., & Schulz, M. (2023). The Good Life: Lessons from the World’s Longest Scientific Study of Happiness. Simon & Schuster.
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Shorter, E. (1997). A history of psychiatry: From the era of the asylum to the age of Prozac. John Wiley & Sons.
Gonzalez, J. M., Tarraf, W., Whitfield, K. E., & Jackson, J. S. (2010). The epidemiology of major depression and ethnicity in the United States. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 44(15), 1043–1051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.11.015
Corrigan, P. W. (2004). How stigma interferes with mental health care. American Psychologist, 59(7), 614–625. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.7.614
World Health Organization. (2021). Mental Health Atlas 2021. WHO Press.
Friedli, L. (2009). Mental health, resilience and inequalities. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe.
GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. (2020). Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet, 396(10258), 1204–1222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30925-9
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Fuller, D. Q. (2011). Cultivation and domestication: A global perspective. In J. M. Pilcher (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of food history (pp. 25–47). Oxford University Press.
Horne, P. L., Evans, A., Carter, S., & Millard, A. R. (2014). Dental health and diet in prehistoric Britain: A critical assessment. British Journal of Nutrition, 111(10), 1817–1824. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114513004357
Kurtz, A., Bocquet-Appel, J.-P., Bar-Yosef, O., & Belfer-Cohen, A. (2012). Nutritional consequences of the Neolithic transition: A critical review of the archaeological evidence. Current Anthropology, 53(2), 215–238. https://doi.org/10.1086/664607
Nesbitt, M. (1996). The genetics of wheat: Evolution and diversity. In D. Byerlee & P. L. Pingali (Eds.), Food security: A global perspective (pp. 54–67). Oxford University Press.
Maxted, N., Ford-Lloyd, B. V., & Kell, S. (2007). Conserving crop genetic diversity: A global perspective. Nature Biotechnology, 25(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0107-001
Cohen, M. N. (2004). The evolution of human diet: The contribution of the Neolithic Revolution. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, 18(4), 805–818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2004.07.002
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Cohen, M. N. (1989). "Health and the Rise of Civilization." Yale University Press.
Larsen, C. S. (1995). Biological changes in human populations with agriculture. Annual Review of Anthropology, 24, 185–213. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.24.100195.001153
Ben-Dor, M., Gopher, A., Hershkovitz, I., & Barkai, R. (2011). Man the fat hunter: The demise of Homo erectus and the emergence of Homo sapiens. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 146(2), 161–173. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21592
Moatsos, M. (2021). Global extreme poverty: Present and past since 1820. In How was life? Volume II: New perspectives on well-being and global inequality since 1820 (pp. 145–176). OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/3d96efc5-en
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Glover G. H. (2011). Overview of functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neurosurgery clinics of North America, 22(2), 133–vii. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nec.2010.11.001
D'Esposito, M., Detre, J., Alsop, D., Shin, R., Atlas, S., & Grossman, M. (1995). The neural basis of the central executive system of working memory. Nature, 378(6554), 279-281. https://doi.org/10.1038/378279a0
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Poldrack, R. A. (2006). Can cognitive processes be inferred from neuroimaging data? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10(2), 59–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2005.12.004
Dubois, J., & Adolphs, R. (2016). Building a science of individual differences from fMRI. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(6), 425–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.03.014
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Braun, U., Schäfer, A., Walter, H., Erk, S., Romanczuk-Seiferth, N., Haddad, L., Schweiger, J. I., Grimm, O., Heinz, A., Tost, H., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., & Bassett, D. S. (2015). Dynamic reconfiguration of frontal brain networks during executive cognition in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(37), 11678–11683. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1422487112b: an ambitious experiment 11
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Suzman, J. (2017). Affluence without abundance: The disappearing world of the Bushmen. Bloomsbury. pp. (16-18)
Suzman, J. (2021). Work: A deep history, from the Stone Age to the age of robots. Penguin Press. (pp. 25-27)
Flannery, K. V., & Marcus, J. (2003). The Creation of Inequality: How Our Prehistoric Ancestors Set the Stage for Monarchy, Slavery, and Empire. Harvard University Press.
Gamble, C. (1999). Timewalkers: The Prehistory of Global Colonization. Princeton University Press.
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Institute of Human Origins. Timeline of human evolution) Retrieved November 13, 2025, from https://iho.asu.edu/accessible-timeline
Charnov, E. L. (2016). Life history evolution: A quantitative genetic perspective. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371(1690), 20150237. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0237
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Chopra SS. Industry Funding of Clinical Trials: Benefit or Bias? JAMA. 2003;290(1):113–114. doi:10.1001/jama.290.1.113
Lexchin, J., Bero, L. A., Djulbegovic, B., & Clark, O. (2003). Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: Systematic review. BMJ, 326(7400), 1167. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.326.7400.1167
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Zabawa, J. D. (2024). Countering workplace wellness bias through workplace wellness. Journal of Law and Health, 38(1), 165–210.
Mattke, S., Liu, H., Caloyeras, J., Huang, C. Y., Van Busum, K., Khodyakov, D., & Shier, V. (2013). Workplace wellness programs study: Final report. RAND Corporation for the U.S. Department of Labor and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2024). Do sponsoring organizations influence research?In Perspectives on research integrity (Chap. 2). National Academies Press.
Lundh, A., Sismondo, S., Lexchin, J., Busuioc, O. A., & Bero, L. (2012). Industry sponsorship and research outcome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2012(12), MR000033. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.MR000033.pub2
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Clapp, J. (2016). Food. Polity Press. https://www.politybooks.com/bookdetail/?isbn=9781509541768
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Organisation for Economic Co‑operation and Development (2018). The digital economy, multinational enterprises and international investment policy. PDF: https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2018/04/the-digital-economy-multinational-enterprises-and-international-investment-policy5fa02584/0ba19bae-en.pdf
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United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. (2025). Highlights from the farm income forecast. https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-economy/farm-sector-income-finances/highlights-from-the-farm-income-forecast
Herforth, A., Bai, Y., Venkat, A., Mahrt, K., Ebel, A., & Masters, W. A. (2020). Cost and affordability of healthy diets across and within countries: Background paper for The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020 (FAO Agricultural Development Economics Technical Study No. 9). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb2431en
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BASF SE. (2023). Financial Statements 2022 (pp. 5–7). Ludwigshafen, Germany: BASF SE. Retrieved from https://www.basf.com/dam/jcr%3A79d3203f-b8e3-3a3b4000076d2/basf/www/global/documents/en/investor-relations/financial-statementsbasfse2022.pdf
BASF SE 10 year profits: BASF SE. (2025). Ten-year summary of financial key data (Investor Relations). Retrieved January 1, 2026, from https://www.basf.com/global/en/investors/basf-at-a-glance/key-financial-data/ten-year-summary
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Archer Daniels Midland Company. (2023). 2022 Annual Report (See item “Net Income … US $4.34 billion”) https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/ADM/archer-daniels-midland/net-income
CHS Inc. “CHS reports strong fiscal year 2022 earnings” Nov 2, 2022. from CHS Inc. press release. https://www.chsinc.com/news-and-stories/2022/11/02/chs-reports-strong-fiscal-year-2022-earnings-inc
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Nutrien Ltd. (2023). Annual Report 2022. https://nutrien-prod-asset.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/uploads/2023-02/2022%20Nutrien%20Annual%20Audited%20Financial%20Statements.pdf
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Scott, J. C. (2017). Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States. (pp. 82-85) Yale University Press.
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“Modern market economies are embedded in a different set of social structures than ancient economies. While neoclassical models are capable of capturing the nature of economic change in modern market economies, they may be of limited or no value for doing this when applied to tribal situations.” Clem Tisdell School of Economics, The University of Queensland Serge Svizzero Université de La Réunion https://www.sociostudies.org/upload/sociostudies.org/journal/seh/20171/003-030.pdf
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The Evolved Apprentice: How Evolution Made Humans Unique by Kim Sterelny (Sterelny 2012, pp. 10–11).
Joseph Henrich, The Secret of Our Success: How Culture Is Driving Human Evolution, Domesticating Our Species, and Making Us Smarter (Princeton, NJ and Woodstock: Princeton University Press, 2016), 464 ISBN: 978-0-69116-685-8.
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c: conceptual wellbeing 13
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7T6UbhBI @ [02:11:14] “Hey, you guys, you look like a fucking supermodel. Can I bring you to America and do a fashion thing and get you guys paid?” “And why would we want to go to America?” “Tell me what you know about America.” “Isn't that the place where people jump off buildings to kill themselves?” (October 2017)
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Ertan, Y., Putterman, L., & Fiszbein, M. (2012). Determinants and economic consequences of colonization: A global analysis. Brown University Department of Economics Working Paper No. 2012-5, 1–58. https://economics.brown.edu/sites/default/files/papers/2012-5paper.pdf
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Kennedy, H. (2007). The great Arab conquests: How the spread of Islam changed the world we live in. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81740-3.
Gabriel, R. A. (2009). Thutmose III: The military biography of Egypt’s greatest warrior king. Washington, DC: Potomac Books. ISBN 978-1-59797-373-1.
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Lord Ebow, S., Appiah-O, S., & Karikari, K. (2024). Indigenous ecological knowledge and wildlife conservation: A systematic review of the relevant links. Ecology & Conservation Science: Open Access, 4(2), Article 555632. https://juniperpublishers.com/ecoa/pdf/ECOA.MS.ID.555632.pdf
Berkes, F. (2018). Sacred Ecology (4th ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
Denevan, W. M. (2001). Cultivated Landscapes of Native Amazonia and the Andes: Triumph Over the Soil. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
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Payton, L. (2014). Healthy soil – healthy civilisation. Food Ethics Council Insight & Opinion. Retrieved [11-24-25] from https://www.foodethicscouncil.org/insight/healthy-soil-healthy-civilisation/
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Author’s note: data for this is highly politicised, but a preliminary global circumcision rate breakdown can be considered. Researchers estimated that 37–39% of males in 2016 worldwide were circumcised (Population Health Metrics, 2016, [85] - linked above) The male population in 2015 was about 3,697,563,240 (UN DESA, + PRB, linked below) x 37% = 1,368,098,398.8 billion men in 2016 had been circumcised - this means that a single point in time-estimate (representing the last 76 years or so) already outperforms all recorded cataracts surgeries and all reported cesareans, and does not attempt to include any further estimates for the historical use of the practice among Jewish, Muslim, African, Australian, and other cultures throughout antiquity. Notably, prevalence of circumcision could be on par with tooth extractions across time, but data for this remains relatively difficult to finalize. The estimates for each appears to have a similar acceptable range, a very wide one at that, so it is only fair to say that more research is needed to determine which holds the #1 spot.
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Author’s Note: Maimonides, a 12th century Jewish scholar, strongly advocated circumcision for its supposed deadening of unruly impulses, stating: “The purpose of circumcision is to perfect what is defective morally. The bodily injury caused to that organ is the real purpose of circumcision; [...] concupiscence and lust that goes beyond what is needed are diminished.” in THE GUIDE OF THE PERPLEXED by Moses Maimonides, translated by Shlomo Pines. (p. 609) University of Chicago, 1963. (Originally published ca. 1190). Retrieved from https://www.mhcny.org/pdf/QT/On%20Circumcision.pdf92
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